Authors

Ruby C. Gonzales

Author

Marnelle B. Sornito

Co-author

Ariel T. Antinero

Co-author

Bernadeth Grace S. Panaganan

Co-author

Emilie G. Tubio

Co-author

Mariefe B. Quiñones

Co-author

Daniel D. Gonzales

Co-author

Michel N. Payca

Co-author

Phresnofi D. Noval

Co-author

College of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Mindanao State University at Naawan, 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
Office of Research, Innovation and Global Engagement, Mindanao State University at Naawan, 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
Iriomote Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of Ryukyus, Uehara, Taketome, Yaeyama, Okinawa, Japan
United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
Sagay Multi-species Hatchery, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Fecal pollution is a major water quality concern that poses significant health risks, primarily due to untreated domestic waste and inadequate sanitation. A coliform assessment was conducted at 20 selected sites in Lianga, Hinatuan, and Bislig Bays of Surigao del Sur from January 30 to February 8, 2019, to determine the presence of total and fecal coliforms and to estimate their densities using the most probable number (MPN) method. Water samples were analyzed using a standard multiple-tube fermentation technique, following the presumptive-confirmed and completed phases. Results were evaluated and classified in accordance with the 2016 Water Quality Guidelines and the General Effluent Standards established by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Nine sites recorded the highest total coliform counts (<gt;1600 MPN/100 mL) and eight sites recorded the highest fecal coliform counts, while the lowest counts (<lt;1.8 MPN/100 mL) were observed at three sites for total coliform and at four sites for fecal coliform across all sampling locations. Based on consolidated DENR classification, four sites were categorized as Class SA, one as Class SB, and two as Class SC, indicating suitability for marine protected areas, recreation, and mariculture, while the remaining sites were classified as Class SD for navigation. Physico-chemical parameters were within ranges suitable for marine life. Overall, most sites exhibited alarmingly high fecal coliform levels, particularly those used for mariculture/aquaculture and recreational activities. These findings reveal significant contamination in Lianga, Hinatuan, and Bislig Bays and emphasize the urgent need for improved waste management and stricter enforcement of environmental and sanitation regulations to protect public health.